Vietnam War Gulf of Tonkin Incident

The Gulf of Tonkin Incident took place on Aug. 2 and 4, 1964, and helped lead to greater American involvement in the Vietnam War. Fleets Commanders US Navy Captain John J. Herrick1, then 2 destroyers North Vietnam 3 patrol boats Gulf of Tonkin Incident Overview Shortly after taking office following the death of President John F. Kennedy, President Lyndon B. Johnson became concerned about South Vietnams ability to fend off the Communist Viet Cong guerillas that were operating in the country. Seeking to follow the established policy of containment, Johnson and his Secretary of Defense, Robert McNamara, began increasing military aid to South Vietnam. In an effort to increase pressure on North Vietnam, several Norwegian-built fast patrol boats (PTFs) were covertly purchased and transferred to South Vietnam. These PTFs were manned by South Vietnamese crews and conducted a series of coastal attacks against targets in North Vietnam as part of Operation 34A. Originally begun by the Central Intelligence Agency in 1961, 34A was a highly-classified program of covert operations against North Vietnam. After several early failures, it was transferred to the Military Assistance Command, Vietnam Studies and Observations Group in 1964, at which time its focus shifted to maritime operations. In addition, the US Navy was instructed to conduct Desoto patrols off North Vietnam. A long-standing program, the Desoto patrols consisted of American warships cruising in international waters to conduct electronic surveillance operations. These types of patrols had previously been conducted off the coasts of the Soviet Union, China, and North Korea. While 34A and the Desoto patrols were independent operations, the latter benefited from the increased signals traffic generated by the attacks of the former. As a result, the ships offshore were able to collect valuable information on North Vietnamese military capabilities. The First Attack On July 31, 1964, the destroyer USS Maddox commenced a Desoto patrol off North Vietnam. Under the operational control of Captain John J. Herrick, it steamed through the Gulf of Tonkin collecting intelligence. This mission coincided with several 34A attacks, including an Aug. 1 raid on Hon Me and Hon Ngu Islands. Unable to catch the fast South Vietnamese PTFs, the government in Hanoi elected to strike instead at USS Maddox. On the afternoon of Aug. 2, three Soviet-built P-4 motor torpedo boats were dispatched to attack the destroyer. Cruising twenty-eight miles offshore in international waters, Maddox was approached by the North Vietnamese. Alerted to the threat, Herrick requested air support from the carrier USS Ticonderoga. This was granted, and four F-8 Crusaders were vectored towards Maddoxs position. In addition, the destroyer USS Turner Joy began moving to support Maddox. Not reported at the time, Herrick instructed his gun crews to fire three warning shots if the North Vietnamese came within 10,000 yards of the ship. These warning shots were fired and the P-4s launched a torpedo attack. Returning fire, Maddox scored hits on the P-4s while being struck by a single 14.5-millimeter machine gun bullet. After 15 minutes of maneuvering, the F-8s arrived and strafed the North Vietnamese boats, damaging two and leaving the third dead in the water. The threat removed, Maddox retired from the area to rejoin friendly forces. Surprised by the North Vietnamese response, Johnson decided that the United States could not back away from the challenge and directed his commanders in the Pacific to continue with the Desoto missions. The Second Attack Reinforced by Turner Joy, Herrick returned to the area on Aug. 4. That night and morning, while cruising in heavy weather, the ships received radar, radio, and sonar reports that signaled another North Vietnamese attack. Taking evasive action, they fired on numerous radar targets. After the incident, Herrick was unsure that his ships had been attacked, reporting at 1:27 a.m. Washington time that Freak weather effects on radar and overeager sonarmen may have accounted for many reports. No actual visual sightings by Maddox. After suggesting a complete evaluation of the affair before taking further action, he radioed requesting a thorough reconnaissance in daylight by aircraft. American aircraft flying over the scene during the attack failed to spot any North Vietnamese boats. Aftermath While there was some doubt in Washington regarding the second attack, those aboard Maddox and Turner Joy were convinced that it had occurred. This along with flawed signals intelligence from the National Security Agency led Johnson to order retaliatory airstrikes against North Vietnam. Launching on Aug. 5, Operation Pierce Arrow saw aircraft from USS Ticonderoga and USS Constellation strike oil facilities at Vinh and attack approximately 30 North Vietnamese vessels. Subsequent research and declassified documents have essentially shown that the second attack did not happen. This was reinforced by statements by retired Vietnamese Defense Minister Vo Nguyen Giap who admitted to the Aug. 2 attack but denied ordering another two days later. Shortly after ordering the airstrikes, Johnson went on television and addressed the nation regarding the incident. He then requested the passage of a resolution expressing the unity and determination of the United States in supporting freedom and in protecting peace in Southeast Asia. Arguing that he did not seek a wider war, Johnson stated the importance of showing that the United States would continue to protect its national interests. Approved on Aug. 10, 1964, the Southeast Asia (Gulf of Tonkin) Resolution, gave Johnson the power to use military force in the region without requiring a declaration of war. Over the next few years, Johnson used the resolution to rapidly escalate American involvement in the Vietnam War. Sources National Security Archive: Gulf of Tonkin IncidentHistoryNet: Gulf of Tonkin - Reappraisal 40 Years LaterCryptologic Quarterly: Skunks, Bogies, Silent Hounds, and the Flying Fish: The Gulf of Tonkin Mystery, 2–4 August 1964

Hiv Is The Deadliest Of Them All - 972 Words

There are several kinds of incurable diseases in this world. Nevertheless, HIV is the deadliest of them all. HIV has infected over 2.1 million people in the United States since 1999. Half a million children under the age fifteen have been diagnosed with HIV, usually infected through mother-to-child transmission or sexual invasion. Subsequently, infection through sexual intercourse with a bisexual or drug infected partner, or even a blood transfusion can cause a person to contract the HIV virus. Therefore, it is clear to see that HIV and AIDS have infected half the population. How do the other half of the population protect themselves from this deadly disease? By getting tested of course! For these reasons the topics that will be†¦show more content†¦Since 1984, when the detection of the immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was founded, a lot has changed. There’s been a greatly improvement on research as well as treatment for the epidemic. But in actuality we as the world st ill have ways to go. We being â€Å"the people of the world† can do an even better contribution to researcher; just by getting tested. Knowing your status makes a difference. Going to get tested is the only way to know your status. According to The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention also known as (CDCP) every American among the ages of 13-64 should get tested on a regular health routine. Even pregnant mothers should also get a status check, because if they are positive then the unborn child can at least get treated. The statistic for not passing the virus along to a womb child is 98%: with treatment. By also getting tested studies shows there are a 95% reduction rate of catching the virus, because the teste becomes more aware and share the knowledge of. There are several different HIV tests that are administered and an even a greater number of testing sites. The most common HIV test is giving is antibody screening. The screening test the reaction of your own antibody makes against HIV. The procedure can be done by two forms; which are blood or orally fluids. Since time has evolved so outstandingly; you don’t necessarily have to leave the comfort of your own home anymore. There are home

Another Catcher In The Rye Essay Example For Students

Another Catcher In The Rye Essay Here is an essay on  «The Catcher in the Rye » Hope you will be able to post it! Through Holden’s Eyes The Catcher in the Rye has truly earned it’s place among great classic works. J. D. Salinger created a literary piece that was completely unique. The entire novel was written in the first person view of the 17-year-old, Holden Caulfield. The majority of the story is compiled of Holden’s rudimentary monologue of ‘complexly simple’ thoughts, the rest utilizing his relay of previous dialogue. That and the use of unique punctuation, digressing explanations, and complex characterization, transformed the simple plot into the omplex literary classic. The novel’s dialogue and monologue alike, manage to relay the feel of natural speaking such as:  «I mean you’d be different in some way – I can’t explain what I mean.  » The contractions; you’d and can’t — since they are common in everyday language – establish a very common and simple tone. Stress on the first syllable of  «different, » reinforces the tone by demonstrating how typically they speak, just as in reality. He uses dashes for pauses and signaling associative digressions. Instead of signaling pauses, commas are used mostly where mechanically required, for instance:  «So all of a sudden, I ran ike a madman across the street – I d*** near got myself killed doing it, if you want to know the truth – and went in this stationary store and bought a pad and pencil.  » Holden Caulfield creates a thought provoking point of view. On the surface many of his thought patterns seem unrelated and straying from the topic. His association of topic with digression is used almost constantly throughout the novel. However, realizing that these digressions are very relevant and even crucial to the topic allow the reader to gain true insight to the character. His statements about his sister’s ntelligence, followed by explanations of how well she listens, reveals Holden’s associations of intelligence with being quiet and observant. Another example would be his tension around the nuns. Even though he enjoyed the conversation, he worried about being asked if he was Catholic. He stated they †¦would have liked it better if he were Catholic. This gives insight to his discomfort with being judged morally, and to his association of people of morals looking down on those who don’t share them. In Holden’s descriptions and thoughts, Salinger accomplished the most unique aspect of the story’s point-of-view. Instead of using the popular — however overrated – style of well refined thoughts and flowery descriptions, Salinger describes things as they are perceived upon a first impression. Naturally the human mind does not instantly process first encounters or experiences into drawn out rhetorical metaphors. We must think about them first, relate and compare them to past experiences, then form associations. This is based on Jean Piaget theory of assimilating new situations, accommodating them with previous knowledge, then forming generalizations for understanding, called schemas. That is exactly how Salinger describes Holden’s thoughts. Holden, like us all, has difficulty explaining things until they have been thought through. For instance, Holden observes Stradlater’s grooming and his looks. Then he compares it to the way guys look in yearbooks, and what parents say about them. Last he concludes, through comparison, that Stradlater is the kind of guy that your parents ask about. He states:  «I’ve had that experience quite frequently.  » In the more descriptive writings of other authors, it is difficult to relate to the complex associations. The majority of thought inspired by hese works can sometimes be just to figure out the point. However, Salinger expresses the thought patterns of Holden in the same inherent ways that all humans think, and through that, relays a strong tone of realism and active thought. Despite the lack of dazzling rhetoric, Salinger’s descriptions are no less intricate. .u6be644f0260fda1901ec082cda347196 , .u6be644f0260fda1901ec082cda347196 .postImageUrl , .u6be644f0260fda1901ec082cda347196 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6be644f0260fda1901ec082cda347196 , .u6be644f0260fda1901ec082cda347196:hover , .u6be644f0260fda1901ec082cda347196:visited , .u6be644f0260fda1901ec082cda347196:active { border:0!important; } .u6be644f0260fda1901ec082cda347196 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6be644f0260fda1901ec082cda347196 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6be644f0260fda1901ec082cda347196:active , .u6be644f0260fda1901ec082cda347196:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6be644f0260fda1901ec082cda347196 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6be644f0260fda1901ec082cda347196 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6be644f0260fda1901ec082cda347196 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6be644f0260fda1901ec082cda347196 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6be644f0260fda1901ec082cda347196:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6be644f0260fda1901ec082cda347196 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6be644f0260fda1901ec082cda347196 .u6be644f0260fda1901ec082cda347196-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6be644f0260fda1901ec082cda347196:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Compare and contrast Storm on the Island EssayThey inspire a more natural style of analyzation that most can relate to easily. A more logical and linear path, relating to typical primal human thought, is followed instead of abstract reasoning and artistic representation. Finally, the elements previously discussed, nd a few independent ones, will be used to examine the characterization of Holden Caulfield. Such as how Caulfield’s tendency toward constant introspection and analyzing of his world, his digression of topics, and the nature in which he speaks, gives us clues to his character. His level of intelligence is in no way reflected by his lack of knowledge on trivial issues. He is adept at reasoning the things around him. Almost all of the insight Caulfield spoke of were things that would not have been taught to him. Such as repeatedly displaying understanding of human nature, pretensions, and thought processes. However, despite his intuition, he applies his often cynical and pessimistic reasoning to almost everything. This fact illustrates ignorance and a level of immaturity. This is obvious in his inquiry about the ducks, thoughts concerning women, obscene graffiti, and always getting a  «pukey cab.  » Since the fact that his mental health was brought up often with his thoughts of being crazy, with statements like  «I’m crazy, swear to God, I am†¦Ã‚ » and references of psychological hospitalization in the beginning and end, a psychological approach will be used to explain his manner. Holden demonstrates tendencies associated with oth OCD (Obsessive Compulsive Disorder) and bipolar Disorder, consisting of swings between manic and depressive states. OCD is characterized by obsessive thoughts and their motivation of compulsive acts to relieve the stress of the obsession. It is quite obvious that Holden is very obsessed with detail. He also demonstrates a common symptom of OCD, counting. At Grand Central Station, he mentions repeatedly counting floor squares. Small details trouble him endlessly. Once he becomes so obsessed with type of luggage that his roomate has that he hides his own under the bed. Bipolar Disorder, the more severe of the two, is the most apparent in Caulfield. He displays an amazing amount of symptoms of this Disorder. He suffers symptoms such as: little need to sleep, difficulty remaining on topic discussions (jumping from subject to subject), bursting with ideas and insight, irritation with people who rationalize with them, excessive spending of money, impaired decision making (instances of people going to live on the streets), cynicism, and paranoia. The mania will give way to severe depression, in some cases, in a matter of hours. The examples of the previous symptoms are demonstrated in Caulfield’s onologuos thoughts and dialogue. The instances of his jumping from topic to topic, and his insight and ideas, have already been discussed. Holden comments on his  «little need for sleep » often like after the clubs close he says,  «I wasn’t sleepy or anything.  » A great amount of irritation is shown toward Sally when she points out flaws in his plans of running away. He becomes belligerent and tells her,  «you give me a royal pain in the a**.  » In the beginning he comments on his abundant supply of money, but by the end he is forced to borrow from his sister. He frequently pays for peoples meals and drinks, donated money to nuns, and ffered anyone a drink  «on him ». A textbook example of his impaired decision making was his plans to run away, pretend to be mute, and build a cabin in the woods. His cynicism is constant as he repeatedly generalizes everyone on the basis of dress, status, and looks. The thoughts of always getting a pukey cab and obscene words being everywhere are prime cases of paranoia. Then in his swing to depression, he comments on people making him depressed, his feelings of being  «lousy, » and once expressed thoughts of suicide. When he spoke of people coming to New York to get up early, he voiced his wish to jump out of the hotel window. .uf3417b5846bf046244b34fe9dabc00c1 , .uf3417b5846bf046244b34fe9dabc00c1 .postImageUrl , .uf3417b5846bf046244b34fe9dabc00c1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf3417b5846bf046244b34fe9dabc00c1 , .uf3417b5846bf046244b34fe9dabc00c1:hover , .uf3417b5846bf046244b34fe9dabc00c1:visited , .uf3417b5846bf046244b34fe9dabc00c1:active { border:0!important; } .uf3417b5846bf046244b34fe9dabc00c1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf3417b5846bf046244b34fe9dabc00c1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf3417b5846bf046244b34fe9dabc00c1:active , .uf3417b5846bf046244b34fe9dabc00c1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf3417b5846bf046244b34fe9dabc00c1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf3417b5846bf046244b34fe9dabc00c1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf3417b5846bf046244b34fe9dabc00c1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf3417b5846bf046244b34fe9dabc00c1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf3417b5846bf046244b34fe9dabc00c1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf3417b5846bf046244b34fe9dabc00c1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf3417b5846bf046244b34fe9dabc00c1 .uf3417b5846bf046244b34fe9dabc00c1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf3417b5846bf046244b34fe9dabc00c1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck EssayHolden Caulfield, being afflicted with such handicaps, was doomed to fail in school, and his breakdown inevitable. Living in a time when clinical psychology would not come for a few years, Holden was forced to cope with this on his own. There was no one to go to for help, so his wish for it manifested itself into the one thing he would like. So in his subconscious wishes for control and help he said:  «Anyway, I keep picturing all these little kids playing some game in this big field of rye and all. Thousands of little kids, and nobody’s around – nobody big, I mean – except me. And I’m standing n the edge of some crazy cliff. What I have to do, I have to catch everybody if they start to go over the cliff – I mean if they’re running and they don’t look where their going I have to come out from somewhere and catch them. That’s all I’d do all day. I’d just be the catcher in the rye and all. I know it’s crazy, but that’s the only thing I’d really like to be. I know it’s crazy.  » The children represent all of his problems running rampid in his game of life that  «old Spencer » told him of in the beginning. The absence of  «big » people portray no one being in charge, and him the lone  «big » person, express him s being souly in control. The playing in the rye field next to a crazy cliff would depict his nearness to his fall, while being oblivious to the danger. His one wish is to able to prevent this, to be in control. Then after establishing his wishes he considers it impossible by expressing thoughts of it’s craziness. He is resolved that he cannot be in control, but it is all he wants. In a world before alternatives to his painful lifestyle, what can Holden do but blindly play the game in the rye field, right beside his cliff of sanity.  «But life is a game boy. Life is a game that one must play by the rules.  »

Television And Race Essays - Apu Nahasapeemapetilon, Homer And Apu

Television and Race Matchmaker.com: Sign up now for a free trial. Date Smarter! Television and Race Race Televised: America's Babysitter At some point in the course of human events, America decided that the television was their Dali Lama, their cultural and spiritual leader. Overlooking its obvious entertainment based purpose, Americans have let the television baby-sit and rear their children. I do not recall a manifesto from the television industry, but society put television in a role it does not have authority in. The only thing television set out to do was provide the passive entertainment American society wants. True, television does not accurately reflect race in America, but it is not the job of the television industry to do so. Too much importance has been put on television to provide guidance and information that American society has grown too lazy and too indifferent to find for themselves. When society finds that their information is wrong or tainted they blame television instead of finding truth and accuracy for themselves. Although television does not reflect race accurately, Americans have become too dependent on television to provide everything they know. In one of this generation's most popular TV shows, The Simpsons, it is easy to find stereotypes. There are numerous examples throughout the series, mostly toward Apu, the Indian storekeeper. For example, in episode 1F10, Homer and Apu, the writers do not overlook a single Indian stereotype. First of all they have an Indian man as a convenience storekeeper. The episode starts with Apu committing the usual convenience store stereotypes. For example he sells a $0.29 stamp for $1.85, $2 worth of gas for $4.20, etc. Next he changes the expiration dates on rancid ham and sells them. When his customer gets sick from it, he offers a 5 pound bucket of thawing shrimp. Later he picks up a hotdog that he dropped and puts it back on the hotdog roller. A news team catches him on hidden camera and Apu's boss fires him. In this scene we find out Apu has a stereotypical Indian surname, Nahasapeemapetilan. His boss also makes a joke about the Hindu religion. "Ah, true. But it's also standard procedure to blame any problems on a scapegoat or sacrificial lamb." [Daniels] The stereotypes continue redundantly. Jokes about Indian films, food, and other things fill the script. Then there is the grand finale, where Homer, the main character, and Apu go to India to ask for Apu's job back at the main office. The president and CEO very closely resembles a Hindu leader, making Indian and convenience store clerk appear synonymous. Other minorities are also misrepresented in The Simpsons. In the same episode, for example, Homer is watching an African American comedian who stereotypically stereotypes "white" guys. "Yo, check this out: black guys drive a car like this. [Leans back, as though his elbow were on the windowsill] Do, do, ch. Do-be-do, do-be-do-be-do. Yeah, but white guys, see they drive a car like this. [Hunches forward, talks nasally] Dee-da-dee, a-dee-da-dee-da-dee." [Daniels] Reverend Jesse Jackson says that the media depicts African Americans in "5 deadly ways: less intelligent...less hardworking...less universal...less patriotic...and more violent than we are." [Gibbons, 65] Gibbons, documenting Jackson's 1988 presidential campaign and the media coverage of it, also said: "American journalism - excellent when it reports the facts, but is literally incapable of informed opinion without bias when dealing with matters concerning race." [80] Indians and African Americans are not alone. All minorities are depicted inaccurately. Asian Americans, for example, are represented "as perpetually foreign and never American." They are depicted"as murderous and mysterious, as amorous or amoral... symbols of danger, refuge, inspiration, and forgiveness." "[Lipsitz] Lipsitz finds this "degrading, insulting, and implicated in the most vicious and pernicious form," as he is expected to. The problem is television ridicules everyone, and it is a source of entertainment, not culture and politics, which is what seems to be expected of TV by society. TV is even criticized for not taking sides in ideological debates, "Preferring instead to assert that an unlimited potential for new achievement and wealth in America can overcome contradictions or conflict." [Baker 163] The reason being that it is not TV's job to tell people what to believe. That is each individual's responsibility to develop themselves. Television is entertainment and entertainment is escapism. Television was originally created to provide an escape from life's trials and tribulations. America watched TV to slip into a world better than their own; not to develop their stance on the current political platform "du jour." As society's pace quickened, and TV's popularity grew, it became a member of the family. TV told the family everything that happened that day. Soon