Dengue Fever and the Immune System

dandy f ever soishness febrility and the Immune System dandy pyrexia computer computer computer computer virus condition variable tramp of dandy fever grogginess syndrome with fatal dandy fever varies from undifferentiated. Because of the increasing incidence and geographic statistical distri nonwithstandingion of dandy fever fever fever in the past 50 years, dandy fever has locomote increasingly greetd as star of the main befoulious illnesss in the world. This research will study the aspects of insubordinate strategy and dandy fever fever. Also offers the greatness of breakbone fever virus contagious infirmity and discusses the current knowledge of breakbone fever fever. dandy fever is a disease ca employ by a mosquito of dengue virus. In the stick up century, the dengue goes up in severity of illness and the geographical distri b atomic pattern 18lyion is now the virtu on the wholey common containtings of human Arthropod-borne viruses in the su btropical and subtropical regions of the world. Dengue is endemic in more(prenominal) than 100 countries around the world. It causes just intimately 50 to 100 million cases per year, including 250,000 to 500,000 dengue hemorrhagic fever or dengue shock syndrome. World Health Organization reveal that the deuce fifth of world population is at a threat of dengue virus contagion. It was stressed that globalization and climate change has a major(ip) impact on the emergence of dengue virus in freshly beas.Dengue is managewise a major economic burden on touch atomic number 18as, with annual cost estimated at just ab place(prenominal) billion dollars. Since at that place is no vaccinum once morest dengue virus, is the primary means of pr dismantleting diseases targeting mosquito vectors and to break the cycle of transmission. This requires a large and rise-organized, as well as financing of hindrance programmes. Although there atomic number 18 programmes in countries affec ted, in Sri Lanka, which is currently in emolument in disease vector control strategies were not sufficient to combat dengue. New tools and novel approach atomic number 18 therefore urgently needed.The brooding catamenia of dengue is around four days. A person virtually to humble fever and to provide occasional macular or maculopapular prime. It was difficult to spy dengue viral diseases, person usually recoers 5 days. In the most salutary cases, fever and rash are accompanied by headache, ritrorbital paroxysm, myalgia, covering pain, sore throat and abdominal pain. Becoming lethargic affected roles suffering from anorexia and nausea.The DHF as dengue hemorrhagic fever has similar incubation period and military discharge selfsame(prenominal) symptoms. all the same, the fever is more flagitious and the tiredness and lethargy more extreme. The long-suffering whitethorn increase vascular permeability and abnormal balance. This arouse cause the individual to reduce th e volume of pedigree, leading to low fall twitch and go in dengue shock syndrome (DSS) and die.Dengue virus contagious disease continues to set a major and escalating global public health problem. compact against vectors of the programs run through been largely unsuccessful or local benefits in the trivial term just and therefore will continue to develop the vaccine is likely to be the most effective control strategy. Diseases of transmitting by the dengue and participation apparent protective insubordinate resolution and disease has proven to be complex and difficult to understand and therefore required more research on these subjects.It is recognized that important steps to rush a wide the dengue fever vaccine established an international network of centers for the clinical trial. Evaluation of vaccine experimentation is while-consuming and therefore you should not burst this process by theoretical considerations. Then only will be an initiative of the dengue vac cine in children in a slope to assess the effectiveness of a variety of weapons to use in the scramble against dengue.1.0 IntroductionDengue fever is a disease caused by virus which is carried by mosquitoes. Then, these mosquitoes acquit the virus to humans. The virus that causes dengue fever has called an arbovirus, which is the oblivious form for viruses hereditary by arthropods. Mosquitoes are arthropod fictitious character insects. Mosquitoes transmit this virus and responsible for passing it along to humans in a some(prenominal) areas. These countries include the Far East, Middle East, Africa, the Islands Caribbean and countries of Asia such as the India, Sri Lanka and the Thailand. In these areas, Arboviruses of dengue fever is wide distribute, which means that the virus naturally and repeatedly and repeatedly lives at those countries (1).To understand how the dengue fever is inherited, several conditions essential be defined. The importee of the word force is an ani mal or human that can be affected with a particular disease. The meaning of the word vector is a body that can carry a particular virus create agent such as a virus or bacterium with no actually develop the disease. The vector can then go by the virus or bacteria to a new host (2), (3).Most common diseases include the cold, m any viral causes of diarrhea and flu or the influenza spread because the viruses that cause these diseases can be transmitted directly from one person to an other. However, dengue fever cannot be transmitted directly from one person give with another. The dengue virus must need an intermediate vector, a mosquito which takes the virus from one host to one more. The mosquito that takes the Arboviruses, reliable for dengue fever is the similar benignant of mosquitoes that can transmit other diseases such as yellow fever. This mosquito is named as Aedes egypti. The more often victims are children less than 10 years (4).2.0 Dengue viral InfectionWhen a person f eeds by an infect mosquito, it injected dengue virus in the bloodstream. The virus infects close to bark cells called keratinocytes the most common type in skin cells. The dengue virus has also infected and reproduced inwardly a specialized resistive cell in the skin, a dendritic cell type called a Langerhans cell (5).Langerhans cells detect the pathogenic invaders and boasting molecules from the pathogens known as Antigen, on their surface. Langerhans cells then pass through to the lymph nodes and reprimand the insubordinate outline to prompt insubordinate chemical reaction as a pathogen inside the body. Lymph nodes are clarified organs that placed all the counseling through body, linked by vessels that form a set of connections named as lymphatic clay (6). Lymph nodes are located in the body to uphold the fight against infection of immune cells.3.0 The immune rejoinderWhen a pathogen as dengue virus invades the human body, the body to defend itself by justification of the body against pathogenic invaders is the immune governing body, which consists of two parts. First part is called as the innate immune system and it provides the body with urgent and regular defensive structure to any pathogen that invading. The innate immune responses pronto identify and react against to pathogens. However it doesnt afford a person with immunity in the long term against an invasion of pathogens.Second part of the immune system called as the adaptational immune system generates cells that target more precisely and in effect towards pathogens and affected cells. The cells created by the Adaptive immune system consist of some B cells secreting antibodies and cytotoxic t cells. Immunoglobulin or Ig antibodies conceal by the cells B specially recognize and attach to foreign molecules. cytotoxic T cells kill cells that are affected with pathogens. Adaptive immune system spends much time to react pathogens that invades the innate immune response (7), (8), but it is a person with immunity against a pathogen in long term.4.0 Dengue Virus Tricks the immune systemWhen the dengue virus infected mosquito bites the skin of the person, then the person also deceases a dengue infected. The dengue virus infects Langerhans cells, a type of dendritic cells in the skin. Infected cells of Langerhans produce interferons can help to limit the continued spread of the infection. Other infected cells to locomotion to the lymph nodes carrying viruses that infect more cells of Langerhans. Viremia is resulted by the spread of dengue virus when the high level of bloodstream affected. In order to fight against infection, the immune system construct antibodies to defuse the virus particles of dengue and the complement system is enabled for antibodies and white blood cells to get free of virus. The immune response also consists of cytotoxic T cells also called as lymphocytes that identify and destroy infected cells.Langerhans cells once infected by dengue virus, they travel on the post of the infection of the skin to lymph nodes. The immune system responds to Infected Langerhans cells are viral antigens of dengue fever on their surface, which enables the innate immune response in alerting the two types of white blood cells called macrophages and monocytes that fight against the virus. In familiar, monocytes and macrophages lease and wipe out pathogens. But as an alternative of destroying the dengue virus, both(prenominal) of white blood cell types are pointed and infected from the virus. Dengue virus tricks the immune system to circumvent the protection and affect more cells (9). As the affected monocytes and macrophages to go through the lymphatic system, the dengue virus spreads all the way through the body. Throughout his trip, the dengue virus infects lots of cells, including lymph nodes and devise marrow macrophages of the spleen, liver and blood monocytes. Widening and the spread in the takings of virus Viremia is a occurrence in which there the bloodstream subscribe tos a high level of dengue virus.Mainly there are four different tensions of dengue virus. These strains are very similar, therefore the immune system recognizes all after seeing one. But the recognition is not protection. Each T cells of humans are automatically identified a specific model or an Antigen. In the first viral infection will be captured and processed by the above mentioned antigen presenting cells. These viruses will be open to T cells forcing them to become activated. And even the B cells will get their floating free Antigen and make ready. B cells create antibodies. They are used to tag the virus to encourage their uptake by macrophages called as opsonization and inactivate them (10).The first infection is identified as dengue fever and stick outed 6 or 7 days (11). Its symptoms closely look like as a disgustful flu. Most people get over it with no incident. If one person become affected from fever again things could le ave in the wrong. Four types of dengue strains that all are super similar. If you are infected with a unhomogeneous strain that you met the first time, you sign up dengue hemorrhagic fever.The reason for happening this is it flecks out that the first infection antibodies attach to virus particles but not inactivate them. The strains are dissimilar enough to endure active in the creation of antibodies against another strain. These are called non neutralizing antibodies. These antibodies will always result in the opsonization if the Macrophages are readily transmittable virus. These speeds up the course on a point infection such as hemorrhagic symptoms are observed. It is one of those interesting times where our immune system not succeeds us. If people were vaccinated for dengue and if soul missed one out of those four vaccines has been inactivated by the improper storage, they would be very susceptible to dengue hemorrhagic fever.5.0 Immune system Defeats the Dengue VirusAlt hough the dengue virus has trapped immune system to infect cells and widen all the way through the body, the immune system contain further protection against the virus. Infected cells produce and release the tiny proteins named as interferons that are part of a huge collection of proteins named as cytokines. Interferons have the capability to interfere with viral replication and they activate the innate and adaptive immune defenses. They help the immune system recognizes cells infected by dengue and help protect cells not infected infection. The immune system, fight against dengue infection so the person will experience a fever (12).As the Adaptive immune response begins to fight against dengue infection, b cells produce antibodies IgM and IgG which are released into the blood and lymphatic eloquent, where they specifically identify and deactivate dengue virus particles. In another immune response adaptation, killer T cells or cytotoxic T cells, recognize and kill cells infected wi th the dengue virus. Active innate immune response of the complement system, response that helps antibodies and white blood cells get rid of the virus. unneurotic with the innate and adaptive immune responses defuse infection of dengue and the enduring will recover from dengue (13).If there is a huge stratum of virus in the bloodstream an infected person is experiencing acute dengue symptoms. As the immune response against infection by the dengue, persons B cells begin to create antibodies called IgM and IgG which are released into blood and the lymph fluid and then they identify and defuse the dengue virus and the viral such as dengue NS1 protein molecules (14). The immune response get rid of the virus and leading to recovery.6.0 Secondary infections of DengueAfter a dengue infection for the first time person is protected against infection with the troika serotypes of dengue rest for several (2-3) months. Unfortunately, its not a semipermanent protection, and after this short t ime period, person can be affected with any of the three serotypes of dengue that are outstanding.Around 1960s, Dr Scott Halstead and some of his colleagues are studying in Thailand dengue virus (15), (16). They noticed that the people who had been infected to dengue virus mo time had a bigger try of severe dengue compared with who had not been infected previously. They were asking what makes a second infection of dengue, not as well as the first.In general after an infection from a pathogen, the body keeps in mind the infection for long because the cells named as memory B cells and memory T cells watch inside the body. Since they remember the first disease, memory cells can respond quickly to provide an adaptive response, when infection occurs for the second time. Memory cells can stay behind in the body for many years or even a lifetime. These memory cells help fight a second dengue infection. More often worse than the first infection second dengue infection.Halstead proposes a phenomenon called dependent improvement of antibodies to the infection to explain these observations. in that location are four types of dengue (serotypes), but the cells of memory do the immunity against reinfection by serotype of dengue fever that caused the first infection. When a person is infected with a second dengue serotype, Halstead suggested that antibodies to the first infection actually help spread of dengue virus infection and increase the amount of virus in the blood, Viremia. This phenomenon can also occur in children who received antibodies against dengue of their sire while in the uterus. Curiously, rather than destroy the virus, existing antibody and the antibody newly produced by the memory can of b cells actually help the virus infected host cells more effectively. Ironically, the consequence of dependent development of antibodies is the response of the immune system in fact makes the clinical symptoms of the dengue fever situation and raises the risk of serio us diseases of dengue.In a second dengue infection cytotoxic T produced by the immune system cells provide only partial immunity against the new serotype of dengue (17). Cytotoxic T cells are not responsible for effectively remove the virus from the body and they issue some excess amounts of molecules named as cytokines. In general quantities and cytokines help out the immune response. Though in large quantities, cytokines may produce severe inflammation and tissue such as capillary expose at cultivation contribute to the development of serious diseases of dengue.7.0 Factors That Contribute to Severe Dengue Infections legal community of dengue fever means reducing the mosquito population. Any resources of standing body of water such as buckets, vases, etc. where the mosquitoes can breed must be eradicated. Mosquito repellant is suggested for those areas where dengue fever is widespread. To help break the cycle of spread, downhearted diligents those who are suffered from the de ngue fever must be placed in bed net, then the mosquitoes cannot bite them so that they wont become arboviral vectors (18).Became the prevention and the fight against dengue, dengue hemorrhagic fever and urgent distribution of geographic expansion and increase the spread of the disease over the last 20 years. Unfortunately, the tools procurable to prevent dengue are very less. at that place is a no any vaccine invented yet, and the limited option available to fight against mosquitoes. Clearly, the emphasis should be on prevention of the disease, and if the trend uphill diseases must be reversed (19).If the effective prevention of the disease and several structured components, including active laboratory surveillance and emergency response and health check community education to guarantee successful management of the situation, mosquitoes community integrated pest and use of effective vaccines when available Disease Control active is an important part of prevention program agains t dengue. In addition to observe secular trends, the purpose of monitoring should be to give warning or predictive capability for the transfer of the epidemic, and the reason is that if you cannot predict epidemics can be avoided by starting by fighting against mosquitoes emergency. For the prediction of epidemics, health political science and should be able to precisely control the transfer of dengue virus in the community and be able to say at any time that the virus is transmitted virus serotypes rotation and related this kind of disease with dengue infection. To do this, the system must be on site.8.0 Causes and symptomsDengue fever can caused when a mosquito bites a human carrying the Arboviruses and transmit the virus to a new host. When the live virus inside body, it moves to sundry(a) parts where it crashed. The virus is able to then go through the bloodstream. The existence of the virus within the blood vessels causes modifications to these blood vessels. The vessels enla rge and blood leak through the vessels. The spleen and lymph nodes become swollen. A procedure called disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) happens, where chemicals applicable for clotting are used up and it will guided to severe bleeding which is called as hemorrhage.When the virus has been spread to the human host, happens a period of incubation. During this time it last approximately five to eight days, the virus multiplies. The signs of the disease come out at once and consist of headache, high fever, chills, affection pain, lymph nodes swollen, red eyes, back pain, red hunting in the face, extreme flunk and severe pain in the limbs and joints (20).This early duration of the disease is astir(predicate) 2-3 days and after this duration, fever decreases rapidly, and the patient sweats strongly. After about a day to feel relatively well, the patient temperature increases again, but not as much as the first time. Begins a rash of small red bumps on arms and legs, spread t o the chest and abdomen. It hardly ever affects the face. The palms and the soles of hands and feets swollen and turn bright red. The combination of characteristic of fever, rash and headaches are named as the dengue triad. Many people get well completely from dengue fever, even if the weakness and fatigue may last numerous weeks. When a person has been suffered by dengue fever, his immune system guards produce for about a year cells that prevent reinfection from dengue virus (21).More serious diseases can occur in some people. These persons may meet with dengue fever for the first time. Anyway, in some situations, that a person may have already had dengue recovered at a time and then is re-infected with the virus. In these cases, the infection first guides the immune system to identify the attendance of the Arboviruses. When the immune cells the virus infections later, the immune system reacts. These types of disease called dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and dengue shock syndrome ( DSS) (22), carry more strict symptoms. Fever and headache are the opening symptoms, but signs of dengue fever are not present. The patient improves a cough up go after by the appearance of small purple patches named as petechiae on the skin. The petechiae are areas where the blood is leaking from the ships. Large areas bruises appear as the getting worse bleeding and abdominal pain can be strict. The patient may starts to vomit a material that is similar to coffee. It is actually a sign of hemorrhage in the stomach (23). As the blood vessels turn into more injured, they escape more and carry on increasing in diameter called as dilation, causing a decrease in blood flow to the body tissues. This condition of reducing the blood flow is called as shock. Shock can cause damage to the organs of the body particularly the heart and kidneys, because the low blood flow deprived oxygen (24).9.0 diagnosisDiagnosis should be detected in native areas each time that a high fever continues f or 2-7 days, especially if go together with by a ability to hemorrhage. The signs of shock should suggest the development of the disease to the dengue.There are several types of Arboviruses but one of them causing dengue fever that can be isolated from the blood blood blood serum (25), (26). The serum is the fluid that the blood cells are floating. Serum can be verified because the manikin in which the virus moves into the bloodstream is longer in DF than in other arbovirus diseases. Numerous tests are used to find reactions between the serum of the patient and antibodies produced in the laboratory. Antibodies are particular cells that identify the markers or antigens present on the attack of the body. During these tests, the antibodies are mixed with a sample of the patient serum. Health care workers and then looks for reactions that would occur only if the virus antigens are present in the serum (27).10.0 New diagnostic technologyIn young years, he has developed several new me thods of diagnosis and has prove very useful in the diagnosis of dengue. After reviewing this issue in depth over the past. Here follows a brief description of the various(a) methods below.10.1 PCRReverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) was build up for numeral ribonucleic acid viruses in recent years and possible to modernize laboratory diagnosis of dengue (28). RT-PCR provides a rapid diagnosis specific serum. This method is fast, simple, sensitive and reproducible if handled properly it can be used to discover viral RNA in human clinical specimens and autopsy tissues, or mosquitoes. There were number of methods developed involving primers genome in different places and different methods to detect RT-PCR products in recent years (29).10.2 ImmunohistochemistryA major problem in the laboratory diagnosis of dengue confirmation of fatal cases. Only one sample is obtained serum and serological tests of limited value. In addition, most patients die at the same time or shortly after deferv escence as the virus isolation is difficult (30). With novel techniques of building, it is now possible to detect antigens of dengue viruses in a variety of tissues.11.0 TreatmentNo treatments are available to reduce the course of dengue hemorrhagic fever or dengue shock syndrome. Drugs to reduce fever and decrease muscle pain and headache pain (31). Fluids are given through a needle into a vena to prevent dewatering. Blood transfusion may be necessary if serious bleeding happens. Oxygen should be given to shocked patients (29).12.0 ConclusionThe immune system is the bodys defense against viruses dengue Home. When a person is infected with the dengue, response to innate and adaptive immune system to join forces to fight against the virus. B cells create antibodies which specifically identify and defuse foreign particles and viral cytotoxic T cells to recognize and destroy cells that are infected by the dengue virus. For people who can develop later with another type of dengue virus experience called antibody based on the promotion. This situation occurs when the immune response leads one clinical symptoms of dengue worse, which increases the risk of severe dengue.