Elements Of Computer Architecture Information Technology Essay

Elements Of Computer Architecture culture Technology EssayA ready reckoner is an electronic machine that receives information as an input, manipulates it and provides an end product for it in a useful format vindicated by the user. It is now an important part in the prevails of human beings and some(prenominal) scientific advances atomic number 18 due to calculating machines in todays world. Early figurers were less in impact speed and memory when comp ard to modern electronic computing machines. According to Dumas (2006), computers can be classified into five genesiss. The depression contemporaries of computers came into existence approximately in late 1930s to early 1950s. The second generation of computers came into existence amid(prenominal)st the mid 1950s to early 1960s. The third generation of computers was developed amid mid 1960s to early 1970s. The fourth generation of computers was invented in the mid 1970s to early 1990s. Modern day computers belong to 5 th generation of computers. Computer architecture explains about the design and integration of several thingmabobs into a single whole. There are three parts in computer architecture. These elements are input/ produce devices, internal devices and how computer works.The beginning(a) element of computer architecture is input/output devices. According to Morley and Parker (2006), an input device instrument an electronic device used to enter entropy into the computer. An output device means an electronic device which provides the processed result to the user. In the first generation of computers, input devices were study pull cards and paper record and the output was printed on paper. In the second generation of computers, input devices were paper punch cards and magnetic tape whereas the output was printed on punch cards and paper printouts. In the third generation of computers, punched cards were replaced by keyboards as input device and paper printouts were replaced by obse rves as output device. In the fourth generation of computers, input devices were keyboard and mouse and the output devices were monitor and printer. The modern computer input devices are keyboard, mouse, microphone, scanner, digital camera, touchpad and fingerprint reader. The output devices are monitor, printer, speaker and data projector. According to Anfinson and Quamme (2008), the mouse and keyboard are the more or less common input devices in the modern computers. The mouse is used as a human computer interface and keyboard is used for entering the text edition into the computer and the most important output devices are monitor and projectors. Larry and hanker (2004) describes that some of the input and output devices are attractive for instance, there is an electronic nose which detects smellings and this is used in food industries to detect the pungent odor in prepared foods. Special input/output devices are called helpful technology and its used for disabled people. The se people can work and live independently, for example, a set of rings, two bracelets, a pair of shoes and a glove work as input/output devices for them.The second element of computer architecture is internal components. According to Morley and Parker (2006), the first generation of computers was broad and enormous, often occupying an entire room. They were powered by constantly replaced clean tubes or glass tubes identical to a large cylindrical light bulb. These vacuum tubes required a large amount of electricity to work and generated a lot of heat as a result. In the second generation of computers, heat producing vacuum tubes were replaced with transistors. The transistors are a small device make of semiconductor. The transistors with integrated circuit used in the third generation of computers. In the fourth generation of computers, the advanced technology of microprocessors replaced the integrated circuit. Anfinson and Quamme (2008) described the fifth generation or modern co mputers internal components are tiny when compared with the first generation of computers. These components are stupefyboard, cardinal processing unit (CPU), Read sole(prenominal) memory (ROM), Random portal memory (RAM), power supply unit and stock devices. Firstly, the motherboard is the main printed circuit board furthermore, an important component on the motherboard is the chipset. Secondly, the central processing unit is the most important element of a computer system and it is considered as the computers brain. The central processing unit is sometimes called as a processor. Most calculations take place in the central processing unit. Thirdly, Read only memory is located on the mother board. Read Only Memory (ROM) chips contain operating instructions accessed directly by the central processing unit. Then, Random Access Memory (RAM) is the temporary storage unit for data and programs that are being accessed by the central processing unit. RAM is a volatile memory, which mea ns that the contents are erased when the computer is powered off. According to White (2008), the electricity enters to shielded metal recess called power supply unit. It supplies power to the other components in a computer. These units see to it the main power into the voltage required to run the machine. Finally, Patterson and Hennessy (2005) explained the three autochthonic technologies used in building memory hierarchies. Main memory is implemented from dynamic random memory, the second one is static random access memory and the last one is magnetic disk.The third element of computer architecture is how the computers work. The central processing unit takes an important role in the working process of the computers. According to Morley and Parker (2006), the central processing unit is basically a collection of electronic circuits and components and it may have variety of registers for take in intermediary calculation, temporary storage and the final result of processed data. arithmetic logic unit is the part of the central processing unit and it performs arithmetic operations and logical operations for example, arithmetic operations are addition, subtraction, multiplication, particle and logical operations are comparisons and conditions checking. Larry and Nancy (2004) describe that the computers deal with everything as electronic signals besides, electronic signals are classified into analog and digital signals. The analog and digital convertor converts analog data into digital data, for example analog signals such as letters, sound, images, colors, shapes are converted into digital data as 0s and 1s. 0s and 1s are known as binary numbers and they are classified as digital signals furthermore, computer can operate only with the digital signals. ASCII (American tired code for information interchange) is the most popular coding system for computers and data communications. This coding system equates a unique series of 0s and 1s, for example, the Engl ish compositors case B is 01000010. According to White (2008), software is an important tool compiled by different set of programs. Programs are defined as set of instructions and it can be a single file or save data. Operating system is one of the important software in computer and it is used to run the whole system or computer. It establishes rules by which the computer can then load other programs and work with hardware.